Pathping
Pathping is a route-tracing tool that combines both features of ping and tracert
commands with some more information that neither of those two commands
provides. Pathping is most ideal for a network with routers or multiple
routes between the source and destination hosts. The Pathping
command sends packets to each router on its way to a destination, and
then gets results from each packet returned from the router. Because
Pathping computes the loss of packets from each hop, you can easily
determine which router is causing a problem in the network.
To display the parameters in Pathping, open a command prompt and type Pathping /?. The parameters for the Pathping command are as follows:
• -4—Specifies that tracert.exe can use only IPv4 for the trace.
• -6—Specifies that tracert.exe can use only IPv6 for the trace.
• -g Host-list—Allows hosts to be separated by intermediate gateways.
• -h maximumHops—Specifies the maximum number of hops before reaching the target. The default is 30 hops.
• -i address—Uses the specified source address.
• -n—Specifies that it is not necessary to resolve the address to the hostname.
• -p period—Specifies the number of seconds to wait between pings. The default is a quarter of a second.
• -q num_queries—Specifies the number of queries to each host along the route. The default is three.
• -w timeout—Specifies the timeout for each reply in milliseconds.
Ipconfig
Ipconfig displays all TCP/IP configuration
values. It is of particular use on machines running DHCP. It is used to
refresh DHCP settings and to determine which TCP/IP configuration
values have been assigned by DHCP. If Ipconfig is used without
parameters, it displays IP addresses, subnet masks, and gateways for
each of the adapters on a machine. The adapters can be physical network
adapters or logical adapters such as dial-up connections.
Some of the parameters for Ipconfig are as follows:
• /all—Displays all TCP/IP configuration values.
• /displaydns—Displays the contents of the DNS client resolver cache.
• /flushdns—Resets and flushes the contents of the DNS client resolver cache. This includes entries made dynamically.
• /registerdns—Sets
manual dynamic registration for DNS names and IP addresses configured
on a computer. This is particularly useful in troubleshooting DNS name
registration or dynamic update problems between a DNS server and client.
• /release[Adapter]—Sends
a DHCP release message to the DHCP server to discard DHCP-configured
settings for adapters. This parameter is available only for
DHCP-enabled clients. If no adapter is specified, IP address
configuration is released for all adapters.
• /renew[Adapter]—Renews
DHCP configuration for all adapters (if an adapter is not specified)
and for a specific adapter if the Adapter parameter is included. This
parameter is available only for DHCP-enabled clients.
• /setclassid Adapter [classID]—Configures
the DHCP class ID for a specific adapter. You can configure the DHCP
class ID for all adapters by using the wildcard (*) character in place
of Adapter.
• /showclassid Adapter—Displays the DHCP class ID for a specific adapter.
• /allcompartments—Displays information about all compartments.
• /allocmpartments /all—Displays detailed information about all compartments.
Note
Ipconfig displays the assigned configuration
for a system such as the default gateway, DNS servers, local IP
address, subnet mask, and so on. When you’re debugging network
problems, you can use Ipconfig to validate that the proper TCP/IP
settings have been set up for a system so that a server properly
communicates on the network.
ARP
ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol.
ARP enables the display and modification of the ARP table on a local
machine, which matches physical MAC addresses of machines to their
corresponding IP addresses. ARP increases the speed of connection by
eliminating the need to match MAC addresses with IP addresses for
subsequent connections.
Some of the parameters for the Arp command are as follows:
• -a[InetAddr] [-N IfaceAddr]—Displays the ARP table for all adapters on a machine. Use Arp –a with the InetAddr (IP address) parameter to display the ARP cache entry for a specific IP address.
• -dInetAddr [IfaceAddr]—Deletes an entry with a specific IP address (InetAddr). Use the IfaceAddr
parameter (IP address assigned to the interface) to delete an entry in
a table for a specific interface. Use the wildcard character in place
of InetAddr to delete all entries.
• -g[InetAddr] [-N IfaceAddr]—Similar to the –a parameter.
• -sInetAddr EtherAddr [IfaceAddr]—Adds a static entry to the ARP cache that resolves the IP address (InetAddr) to a physical address (EtherAddr). To add a static ARP cache entry to the table for a specific interface, use the IP address assigned to the interface (IfaceAddr).
Netstat
As its name implies, Netstat (or Network
Statistics) is used to display protocol statistics for any active
connections, monitor connections to a remote host, and monitor IP
addresses or domain names of hosts with established connections.
The parameters for Netstat are as follows:
• -a—Displays all connections and listening ports by hostname.
• -b—Displays the executable involved in creating each connection.
• -e—Displays Ethernet packets and bytes to and from the host.
• -n—Displays address and port numbers without resolving the address to the hostname.
• -o—Displays TCP connections and includes the corresponding process ID (PID). Used in combination with -a, -n, and -p. Not available in previous Windows versions.
• -p protocol—Displays
statistics based on the protocol specified. Protocols that can be
specified are TCP, UDP, TCPv6, or UDPv6. It can be used with -s to display TCP, UDP, ICMP, IP, TCPv6, UDPv6, ICMPv6, or IPv6.
• -s—Displays statistics on a protocol-by-protocol basis. Can be used with the -p parameter to specify a set of protocols.
• -t—Displays the current connection offload state.
• -r—Displays the
route table. Information displayed includes network destination,
netmask, gateway, interface, and metric (number of hops).
• [Parameter] Interval—Displays the information at every interval specified. Interval is a numeral in seconds. Press Ctrl+C to stop the intervals.
