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Windows Server 2012 : Deploying domain controllers using Windows PowerShell (part 1)

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1/14/2014 8:24:37 PM

Windows PowerShell provides a way to automate the deployment of Windows Server 2012 domain controllers. This approach to domain controller deployment can be particularly useful in large enterprise environments, data centers, and cloud-computing scenarios. This lesson demonstrates how to use Windows PowerShell to deploy domain controllers in both new and existing forests.


1. Preparing for domain-controller deployment

Similar to how domain controllers can be deployed using Server Manager as described in the previous lesson, the steps for preparing to deploy Windows Server 2012 domain controllers using Windows PowerShell differ depending on the scenario being considered.

Note

Windows PowerShell and Server Core installations

The Server Core installation option for Windows Server 2012 is ideal for data-center environments because of its smaller servicing footprint, disk space requirements, and attack surface. The Server Core installation option also supports installing the AD DS role, so using Windows PowerShell to deploy Server Core domain controllers is an ideal combination for a data center.

Preparing for deploying the first domain controller in a new forest

To deploy the first Windows Server 2012 domain controller in a new forest using Server Manager, you can run Windows PowerShell commands directly on the server by either logging on locally to the server or connecting to it using Remote Desktop. Another option, however, is to use Windows PowerShell remoting, which lets you run Windows PowerShell commands on one or more remote computers simultaneously by using the WS-Management protocol.

The remote-management capability is enabled by default on Windows Server 2012 to make it easy to remotely manage servers using both Server Manager and Windows PowerShell.

The difficulty, however, is that Windows PowerShell remoting is primarily intended for remotely managing domain-joined computers, and if you are preparing to deploy the first domain controller in a new forest, there is no domain yet to join! In other words, the remote server that will be promoted to a domain controller is initially in a workgroup, not a domain. And the local computer you will be performing the deployment from might also be in a workgroup.

The solution is to prepare your environment by enabling the two standalone computers to talk to each other using the WS-Management protocol. If the computer you are performing the deployment from is also running Windows Server 2012, you simply need to add the name of the remote server to the TrustedHosts list in the local computer’s WinRM configuration. Doing this enables the local computer to connect to the remote server using NTLM as the authentication mechanism instead of Kerberos, which is used in domain-based environments.

Important

Adding remote servers to the TrustedHosts list on your computer

When you add a remote server to the TrustedHosts list on your computer, you are allowing your credentials to be sent to the remote server without verifying the server’s identity. So add remote servers to this list only if you are certain the network path from your computer to the remote server machine is completely secure.

To illustrate how to do this, consider a scenario where you have two standalone servers running Windows Server 2012: a local server named SEA-HOST-2 and a remote server named SEA-SRV-1. You want to use the Get-WindowsFeature cmdlet on the local server to display a list of installed and available roles and features on the remote server, but when you try and do this on the local server, you get the error highlighted in the following code:

PS C:\> Get-WindowsFeature -ComputerName SEA-SRV-1 -Credential SEA-SRV-1\Administrator
Get-WindowsFeature : The WinRM client cannot process the request. If the authentication
scheme is different from Kerberos, or if the client computer is not joined to a domain,
then HTTPS transport must be used or the destination machine must be added to the
TrustedHosts configuration setting. Use winrm.cmd to configure TrustedHosts. Note that
computers in the TrustedHosts list might not be authenticated. You can get more
information
about that by running the following command: winrm help config.

At line:1 char:1
+ Get-WindowsFeature -ComputerName SEA-SRV-1 -Credential SEA-SRV-1\Administrator
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ CategoryInfo : DeviceError: (Microsoft.Manag...rDetailsHandle):CimException)
[Get-WindowsFeature], Exception + FullyQualifiedErrorId : UnSupportedTargetDevice,
Microsoft.Windows.ServerManager.Commands.GetWindowsFeatureCommand

The error occurs because the remote server SEA-SRV-1 is not domain-joined and therefore must first be added to the TrustedHosts list on the local server before you can manage the remote server from the local server. You can use the Set-Item cmdlet to do this:

PS C:\> Set-Item wsman:\localhost\Client\TrustedHosts -Value SEA-SRV-1

WinRM Security Configuration.
This command modifies the TrustedHosts list for the WinRM client. The computers
in the TrustedHosts list might not be authenticated. The client might send credential
information to these computers. Are you sure that you want to modify this list?
[Y] Yes [N] No [S] Suspend [?] Help (default is "Y" ): y

You can then use the Get-Item cmdlet to verify the result:

PS C:\> Get-Item wsman:\\localhost\Client\TrustedHosts


WSManConfig: Microsoft.WSMan.Management\WSMan::localhost\Client

Type Name SourceOfValue Value
---- ---- ------------- -----
System.String TrustedHosts SEA-SRV-1

Running the Get-WindowsFeature cmdlet now no longer throws an error:

PS C:\> Get-WindowsFeature -ComputerName SEA-SRV-1 -Credential SEA-SRV-1\Administrator

Display Name Name Install State
------------ ---- -------------
[ ] Active Directory Certificate Services AD-Certificate Available
[ ] Certification Authority ADCS-Cert-Authority Available
[ ] Certificate Enrollment Policy Web Service ADCS-Enroll-Web-Pol Available
...

Note

Tips for running Set-Item wsman:\localhost\Client\TrustedHosts

If you need to add another remote server to the TrustedHosts list on your local computer, include the –Concatenate parameter when you use Set-Item the second time so that you don’t end up overwriting the current contents of the list. You can also suppress the Yes/No prompt with the Set-Item cmdlet by adding the –Force parameter to it.

Preparing for deploying additional domain controllers in the new forest

Deploying additional domain controllers in a new forest is easier because you already have a domain environment, which means Windows PowerShell remoting will work without any further configuration. By running your Windows PowerShell commands from an existing Windows Server 2012 domain controller in your forest, or from a Windows 8 client computer on which the Remote Server Administration Tools for Windows 8 have been installed, you are able to deploy additional domain controllers to existing domains, install new child domains, and install new tree domains, as long as you have the appropriate credentials for the task you are going to perform.

Preparing for deploying domain controllers in an existing forest

Deploying Windows Server 2012 domain controllers in a forest whose domain controllers are running an earlier version of Windows Server can also be done using Windows PowerShell as follows:

  1. Install a Windows Server 2012 server, and join the server to an existing domain.

  2. Use the Install-WindowsFeature cmdlet to install the AD DS role together with its role-management tools as follows:

    Install-WindowsFeature -name AD-Domain-Services -IncludeManagementTools
  3. Run commands from the ADDSDeployment module on the server to remotely install AD DS on other domain-joined Windows Server 2012 servers.

 
Others
 
- Windows Server 2012 : Deploying domain controllers using Server Manager (part 6) - Uninstalling AD DS
- Windows Server 2012 : Deploying domain controllers using Server Manager (part 5) - Verifying the installation
- Windows Server 2012 : Deploying domain controllers using Server Manager (part 4) - First Windows Server 2012 domain controller in an existing forest
- Windows Server 2012 : Deploying domain controllers using Server Manager (part 3) - Additional domain controller in new domain
- Windows Server 2012 : Deploying domain controllers using Server Manager (part 2) - First domain controller in new forest
- Windows Server 2012 : Deploying domain controllers using Server Manager (part 1) - Preparing for domain-controller deployment, Installing the AD DS role
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